Planned obsolescence

Planned obsolescence is the practice of designing products with artificially limited lifespans to force repeat purchases. It emerged in the 1920s when General Motors introduced annual model changes to boost sales. Variants include contrived durability (using weak materials), prevention of repairs (sealed batteries, proprietary screws), programmed obsolescence (inkjet cartridges that stop working early), and perceived obsolescence (stylish updates). Critics say it wastes resources and exploits consumers, while supporters argue it drives innovation. France, the EU, and Quebec have passed laws against the practice, and right-to-repair laws are spreading in the US. Alternatives include cradle-to-cradle design and repairability labeling.